Descriptive Essay The Mountains Of The City

The mountains adjacent to Sokcho, in all their transcendent glory, are the cornerstone of the city. The enveloping, menacing stature of these natural wonders will undoubtedly be a long-lasting memory of mine. Vanishing from view at night, these ancient marvels re-emerge the following day, possessing a charm that makes looking away the most arduous of tasks, each time appearing just as towering, bold, and dazzling as the first. Millions flock to Seoraksan National Park every year to experience the vertiginous slopes and compelling views and it’s with deep regret that I wasn’t one of them. Consequently, my stay in Sokcho was left incomplete, and a tinge of sadness was felt on the way home. Never to such an extent while travelling have I†¦show more content†¦I can’t say that I subscribe to Confucius’ idea (unsurprisingly) that happiness is found in the act of climbing as opposed to being at the top. Neither can I say that I’ve had any philosop hical epiphanies at a mountain’s peak, much less while trudging my way up. When hearing others speak of being more in tune with virtue or spirituality, I instinctively (in most cases) view it as typical human embellishment. Fast-forwarding now to a month after my Sokcho trip, I very recently reintroduced myself to the flourishing mountain culture of Korea by attempting to climb one in the city of Dongtan. While making my way towards its entrance I received an odd look from two people that’d just made their way down, which at the time I put down to my foreignness and height, but with hindsight’s benefit, it just might’ve been my visible lack of preparation for the impending task. Not being oblivious to my appearance, I was aware my choice of clothing was rather unorthodox for someone intending to climb a mountain, especially when you throw recent weather conditions into the mix. An act of recklessness I should probably say. It took approximately seventeen minutes before my boots started giving me problems. Having been loyally served by four pairs of the same ones for the past four years it pains me to express the following: an era is now well and truly over. Background story: in the spaceShow MoreRelatedAn Example of Descriptive Essay1001 Words   |  5 PagesDescriptive Essay 1) Definition: Descriptive essay is one of the many types of writing styles that provides a detailed description for a particular person, place, memory, experience or object. Descriptive essay is purposely created so readers can readily imagine its particular subject matter. It focuses on the five senses which are sight, smell, touch, sound and taste. 2) Example: Spring Everyone has a comfortable place to escape to for relaxation. They go there when they need to beRead MoreLangston Hughes Salvation, a Response1137 Words   |  5 PagesSCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ENGLISH VII â€Å"Descriptive Essay† TEACHER: Angà ©lica Marà ­a Là ³pez Portillo GROUP MEMBERS: GROUP B2 CYCLE: 01/2011 University City, Tuesday, April 5th 2011. Descriptive Essay Concept. A descriptive essay is a type of essay strives to create a deeply involved and vivid experience for the reader of the item being described. It is often creative, personal. The purpose of a descriptive essay is to describe a person, place, or thing in suchRead MoreDescriptive Essay787 Words   |  4 PagesDescriptive Essay September 27, 2014 English 1010 - 85 A Mini Vacation to Atlanta, Georgia Traveling is one of my family’s favorite things to do. The family has visited numerous places throughout the United States, however, none are as memorable as Atlanta, Georgia. 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Although his time at the Star was short, the rules and guidelines for the newspaper stories had a long-lasting effect on Hemingway’s writing style. He learned to write with short sentences, short first paragraphs, and dynamic language, a style that would define his writing career. Hemingway is praised for his use of prose in many of his novels, particularly, A Farewell to Arms. Hemingway’s word choice is simple, yet incredibly descriptive, as in the

Accounting Analysis Methods Example

Essays on Accounting Analysis Methods Assignment Accounting Table Of Content Accounting Table Of Content 2 Segmentation Analysis: Advantages and Disadvantages 3 2. Allocation method: An effective way 3 3. Contribution Margin and Common Statement Analysis 4 4. Suggestions: Things should be taken care of 4 Reference 5 Appendix 6 1. Segmentation Analysis: Advantages and Disadvantages Segmentation Analysis has advantages as well as disadvantages. Some advantages of this kind of analysis are articulated below. Enhanced strategy formation and well calculated decision making. More aimed marketing strategies yielding better results. The segments are taken into account individually, so each segment would be responsible for their own operations. Performance can be compared between these segments. Appraisals based on performance can be used to boost the efficiency of those segments. Disadvantages would include the following. Cost would be much higher as company would be carrying out its operation in different segments individually. Co-ordination can go off if not tackled properly. 2. Allocation method: An effective way The allocation method has been summarized under two heads called ‘Marketing corporate’ and ‘ administrative costs’ which is not an effective way to look at expenditures. Certain expenses as operating or manufacturing expenses, selling and distribution overheads and financial expenses are not taken into account or these have been taken into account under imperfect heads which makes it very difficult for the company to point out stages where they have been expending more ,thus loosing out on profits . 3. Contribution Margin and Common Statement Analysis Contribution margin is the amount by which annual sales revenue exceeds annual variable cost. This margin contributes to the annual fixed cost and if larger than fixed costs, to profit (Ehmke Miller, 2005). From the work sheet attached herewith, it is visible that contribution margin is much higher for Europe, second comes Asia. While if look in percentage terms the contribution margin as a percentage of sales is much higher for America is than that of Asia .Operation in Asia is having more variable cost against their sales ,thus implying inefficiency of the respective segment. An income statement where each account is expressed in terms of percentage of its sales head is called as Common Size statement. It lets an analyst to compare the financial condition of two or more companies with different sizes .The financial condition of a company in different periods also can be compared by this analysis thus letting towards more compact strategic decisions on financial ground. The common size analysis of the segments and the company as a whole are shown respectively in table 2 and 3. 4. Suggestions: Things should be taken care of Articulated below are the suggestions, made keeping in mind certain analysis. 1. BFBS has proved to be highly successful in the past primarily because of the strong personal attention given to the clients by the project managers .Personal attention was possible as the company itself divided its operation as well as its customers in different segments, thus catering them more effectively. So the company should carry forward its customized operations. 2. Declaring expenditures under two heads make decision making complicated. So its expenditures should be included under separate heads like operating or manufacturing expenses, administrative expenditures, selling and distribution overheads and financial expenses. Thus one can be clearer about the expenditures where they are loosing out money and lessening the same would let them to make their operation more effective. 3. Cost of goods sold in percentage terms is much higher for the region, Asia, thus making their contribution margin much lower .Even if we look at their total segment expenses , its around 106%, thus resulting in maximum loss .This region should work on to lessen their cost of goods sold. Reference Ehmke Cole Miller Alan (2005), Contribution margin, Estimating Breakeven Sales for Your Small Business, Retrieved December 09, 2009 from http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/EC/EC-725.pdf. Appendix Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Common size analysis of the company as a whole. Â   Amount Amount (in %) Sales 1947000 100% Less segment expenses (traceable): Â   Â   Cost of goods sold 814000 42% Transportation expense 69000 4% Total Variable Costs 883000 45% Contribution Margin 1064000 55% Marketing 511000 26% Compensation 295000 15% Factory Utilities 29500 2% Depreciation on Equipment 82000 4% Total segment expenses 1800500 92% Segment Income (Loss) before allocated corporate expenses 146500 8% Â   Â   Â   Less allocated corporate expenses: Â   Â   Marketing Corporate 66000 3% Administrative Costs 135000 7% Total allocated corporate expenses 201000 10% Net operating Income (Loss) (54500) -3%

Stress Management Reflection Free Essays

After learning about stress in this class my understanding is that, stress symptoms may be affecting your health, even though you might not realize it. You may think illness is to blame for that nagging headache, your frequent forgetfulness or your decreased productivity at work. But sometimes stress is to blame. We will write a custom essay sample on Stress Management Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indeed, stress symptoms can affect your body, your thoughts and feelings, and your behavior. There is a long list of serious health problems that may develop due to stress.Some include depression, diabetes, hair loss, heart disease, high blood pressure, stomach upset, sleep problems, chest pain, back pain, obesity, obsessive-compulsive or anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, tooth and gum disease, ulcers, cancer. Some examples on how stress can affect your behavior are overeating, under eating, angry outbursts, drug or alcohol abuse, increased smoking, social withdrawal, crying spells, relationship conflicts. When you recognize common stress symptoms, you can take steps to manage them.Like we learned in this class stress management could include physical activity, relaxation techniques, mediation, yoga, tai chi, get a massage, and even things like keeping a journal recognizing your stressors and working on them. Everyone is different so finding your own relaxation techniques will help tremendously. Throughout this course I have learned about myself that I am not the only o ne in the world that has stress, it is more common than I thought. I have learned that if I take the time to do breathing exercises or right a journal about my thoughts I feel a huge relief and a lot less stressed.When I have a lot do I found that if I make a list and plan ahead it helps minimize my stress. I learned that when I am in a very stressful situation or the week has added up to breaking point for me, doing breathing exercises helps me feel way more relaxed and calm. Another thing I learned about myself regarding my relationship with my boyfriend is I have become a negative thinker, due to some issues we had in the past. This causes so much stress in my life that I cannot even begin to explain. However, after taking this class I have learned many ways to cope with this and it has been a tremendous help to me and my relationship.I believe my strengths are keeping organized and motivated. If I am not organized it is a huge stressor for me. When I stay motivated I accomplish a lot more things in one day, which in return is a huge stress relief. Some areas that I show room for improvement are I need to set more weekly or monthly goals for myself instead of just long term goals, by doing this I believe I would feel more accomplished. Another area of improvement for me is I need to have more trust for my boyfriend. Forgive, forget and move on. One last improvement would be to improve my level of self discipline.The topics I related to the most or the ones that I was most interested in were body awareness, breathing exercises, the worry and anxiety chapter, goal setting, and time management. I really enjoyed the body awareness exercises because it recognizes that when stressed the body automatically tenses. Our muscles become hard, tight and tense. Holding this tension is very tiring, and hence, a feeling of fatigue can occur. If the muscular tension has no release, because of the constant stress levels and not knowing how to relax your muscles can cause strain on your body.After doing this exercise in the book I was able to recognize what tense muscles felt and looked like and what relaxed muscles felt and looked like. So now when I have tension I feel that I am better at being able to let it go through body awareness and muscle relaxation. The breathing exercises we did in class I really enjoyed doing, I was able to take this from class and apply to my daily life when I was feeling stressed. I was really able to relate to the worry and anxiety chapter because I used to have huge anxiety problems which I have had counseling to work through.Another chapter that interested me was the goal setting chapter because it is something that I have wanted to work on improving myself, so I loved the fact that I had the opportunity to learn more about goal setting and that it had activities in the book. Time management was another big one for me. I feel like learning more about time management helped improve my organization skills. If I was to take this class again I would like to learn more about the different stress relieving techniques. I guess not so much learn about them because we did learn about different ones, but I would have liked to practice more of them.For example, I would have liked a yoga day. I would have liked to learn about more ways to prevent stress, I felt like we learned a lot about what to do when we are stressed but not enough about what to do prevent it. Our true sources of stress aren’t always obvious, and it is way too easy to overlook our own stress-inducing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I don’t believe there is anything that is unclear about what we learned in class, our book did a very good job at covering stress management.I felt the books activities were very helpful and for once I bought I book for school that I will go back and refer to for future help. Now that the course has ended and I am more aware of my stressors, my plan is to continue my stress journal where I write about what causes my stress, how it made me feel both physically and mentally, how I acted in response, and what I do to make myself feel better. Also, continue to learn new healthier ways to manage my stress. Change the situation, or change your reaction. Remember the four A’s, avoid, alter, adapt, or accept.Remember my healthy ways to relax and recharge when I am overwhelmed and feeling stressed. Some of the things that work for me are, going and getting a massage, doing something with my mom or sister, playing with my daughter, taking a long bath with lots of lavender scent and candles, driving around and listening to my favorite music, and doing one of my many hobbies. If I am noticing that I continue to have a lot of stress I will either find a way to enjoy the situation (except the things I cannot change) or find a way to leave/change the situation.The concepts discussed in this class apply to my future career goals by being constantly stressed out and not knowing how to deal with it can cause lack of motivation. I think that my future career goals call for a lot of motivation, so it would help if the stress in my life was minimal so I could stay focused. Another topic discussed in class that could be applied to future ca reer goals is goal setting and time management. My future career goal is to become an OB nurse, with this job there could be extra stress due to the weird hours worked and just the job it’s self.So I believe the concepts discussed in class I will be able to apply to my future career and my personal everyday life. In conclusion, after taking this stress management class I have learned that stress has many negative impacts on the body. I learned more about myself in regards to my stressors and I learned about some things that I didn’t even realize were stressing me out. There were topics I could relate to and some I really was interested in. I will continue to write in my stress journal and find ways to help and avoid stress. How to cite Stress Management Reflection, Papers

Courage In My Heart free essay sample

I am a person who uses the Backspace Button. Constantly. I used it to write this paper. I used it to the delete the first two drafts of this paper. It is quite possible that my use of the Backspace Button is what caused me to fail English 111 the first time around. Maybe I delete things because I seek perfection. If so, I am not very bright. I am an airhead; a space cadet. I cannot concentrate, or focus my attention on a specific task, without the aid of medication. Even with medication, I have to struggle to pay attention. My thoughts are not always my own: they go where they will and do what they want. I am just along for the ride. I am Catholic. I choose to be Catholic because I love being a part of something that is infinitely bigger than I am, yet, at the same time, I play an integral part in it. We will write a custom essay sample on Courage In My Heart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My faith makes me feel safe, and loved, and happy. It gives me purpose. It lets me know that, when everything is falling apart, and no one has the answers, I do not have to be afraid. Someone else is in control, and everything will be okay. I am waiting. For what, I do not know, and so, cannot tell you. I am waiting for something to happen, something momentous, something amazing and earth-shattering. Maybe it is something I will have to initiate, myself. If so, I am waiting for the opportunity. I have been a small number of places. I lived in San Diego, California, for the first seven years of my life. At that time, my father was stationed at Naval Base San Diego. When he was reassigned to Naval Base Guam, we traveled there by way of Hawai’i. We spent four years in Guam, after which, my dad asked to be transferred to Naval Station Great Lakes, which is located north-west of Chicago, on the shores of Lake Michigan. My family spent another four years there, reconnecting with re latives who live in the area. In the summer of 2006, my dad was reassigned to the Marine Corps Base Quantico, and we moved to Fredericksburg, Virginia. Since that last move, I have visited London, England, to see plays performed at the West End; Chicago, to visit old friends and older family; New York City, to see plays performed on Broadway; and Jacksonville, Florida, to see one of my favorite people in the world. I am going somewhere. Not sure where, but somewhere. It may be that the â€Å"where† is what I am waiting for. I might go back to places I have been before; I may go on to new places. I hope both are true. I hope to go many more places in my life. In the grander sense, I want to see the world. I want to roam the globe, travel the continents, and rest my eyes upon all the glories of this little planet. I love Fredericksburg, but there is more to see, and I will be damned if I die before getting to some of it. At one point in time, many lives ago, I thought I knew wh at I wanted. I wanted a job, a family, love, success, happiness. I wanted a large brick house, with a larger yard, near an even larger forest (not sure where the forest came from, but I wanted it). This would all be after I graduated top of my class from Loyola, or Georgetown, or Annapolis. Around that time I would meet a rock star, or a movie star, or a prince (delusions of grandeur), get married in a huge ceremony, attended by all and sundry, and ride off into the sunset toward my forever after full of bliss and happiness and a lifetime’s supply of Lindor chocolates. Now, I do not know what I want. I want to be happy, but if it turns out that my idea of â€Å"happy† and God’s idea of â€Å"happy† do not mesh, I could learn to be happy with whatever He gives me. I know that I do not want to suffer – for some odd reason, I have a horrible aversion to my own suffering – but, then again, if it is suffering I am meant to endure, bring it on. Af ter all, it will only last until I die. Hopefully. Maybe, in the end, all I want is to meet what God has in store for me – unflinchingly, without fear or hesitation, with a smile on my face, with strength in my stance, and courage in my heart. That is what I want.

Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club Essay Example

Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club Essay Joining a Health and Fitness Club This experiment was conducted in order to find the physiological and psychological effects of joining a health and fitness club. Three hypothesess were studied and investigated. They were Males are fitter than females, Older people will visit the health club more, and There will be a link between self-image and depression. Tests conducted were the coopers twelve minute run to test for vo2 max, Goldbergs depression test, and the egoschool self awareness test. There was also a tally to see how many times older people visit the health club compared to younger people. It was found that males are fitter than females, older people dont visit the health club more than younger people, and that there is a link between self-image and depression. Introduction This study was performed in order to investigate the physiological and psychological effects of joining a health and fitness club. Three hypotheses were looked at during the study to investigate this. People join health clubs for many different reasons. Reasons include, to improve the way we look, to increase self confidence, and for social factors. The main reason however is usually to improve ones fitness. Fitness can be defined by using vo2 max, which in turn can be defined as The maximum rate at which oxygen is consumed during a progressive exercise test to exhaustion. (Davis, Bull, Roscoe 2000) Individuals vo2 max can vary significantly. A trained individuals oxygen consumption will be much less than that of an untrained individual if they both did the same exercise. An individuals vo2 max depends on the capacity of that particular persons cardiovascular system. Therefore, it is said that the cardiovascular capacity determines vo2 max, which in turn determines fitness. We will write a custom essay sample on Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All individuals and groups of people will have different fitness levels. Two different groups which generally have great physiological differences are men and women. At a young age girls mature earlier than boys, which means that girls are generally physically stronger than boys during their early life. One of the reasons for this is that girls reach puberty between the age of ten and thirteen, whereas boys dont reach puberty until the age of twelve to fifteen. This explains why girls are usually more physically stronger and skilled than boys at this young age. However, after puberty it is usually men who are physically stronger. This is because during puberty males grow for longer, to be precise 10% taller and 17% heavier. Also, muscle mass grows greatly in males during puberty. Once adolescence has been reached, the average male is stronger and bigger than the average women. Males also have larger hearts which gives them a greater oxygen transport capacity. Males also have higher haemoglobin content, which gives them a higher oxygen carrying capacity. (Brooks, Fahey, White, and Baldwin 2000) All these facts lead to one of this studies hypothesi ss which is males will be fitter than females. The next hypothesis looked at in this study involved the different age groups visiting the health club. Ageing is something that happens to everyone, and it is something that contributes largely to deteriorating an individuals physiological capacity. Ageing contributes to this deteriorating physiological capacity in many different ways. One physiological factor of ageing is an increase in resting pulse due to decrease in stroke volume. A reduction in cardiac muscle fibre size also causes an increase in resting heart rate and a reduced maximum heart rate. This in turn causes a reduction in maximal cardiac output and hence vo2 max leading to a reduced capacity to deliver oxygen to muscle sites at maximal effort. A persons vo2 max declines at a rate of 10% per decade, starting in late teens, for inactive males and females. Another physiological factor of ageing is that heart rate recovers slower due to an oxygen debt taking longer to remove than in younger people due to a lower rate of blood-flow, and hence a lower oxygen carrying capacity to working muscles. There is also a reduction in lung capacity. The population is older than ever before due to life expectancy being at an all time high. This means that there are many older people involved in exercise. It has been stated that leading causes of death are related to lifestyle, therefore many take up exercise in a belief it will keep them healthier for longer. This is because exercise helps keeps the body healthier and younger. The main physiological factors of exercise on ageing are that exercise gives an individual improved pulmonary functioning, improved cardiovascular functioning, maintenance of strength and hypertrophy, reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases, reduced risk of injury, and an increased ability to perform routine tasks in daily life. (Davis et al) Exercise also helps the body fight off diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, insulin resistance, and some cancers. Strength training is very popular amongst older people as it helps prevent bone loss, which reduces the risk of fractures. (Brooks et al) As many older people or people pushing towards middle age know that lifestyle can relate to early death, it can be said that older people have more reason to exercise than younger people. This leads to the second hypothesis in this study which is, Older people will visit the health club more. The final hypothesis in this study researched into self-image and depression In a culture pre occupied with physical appearance, mainly due to the media, self image has become of huge importance. Self image normally involves three concepts that an individual has of themselves. They are, the image you have of the way you look, how much you value yourself, and what you wish you were really like. Self image is the description you would give of the person that you know you are. (Davenport 1995) Another important factor of self image is an individuals body image. This links in to the reasons why people go to a health club, as many visit them to improve their body image. Another factor affecting someones self image is what people say to us, and the way people react to us. Depression is a clinical observation and is one of the most common mood disturbances in all individuals. (Rosenburg 1965) Many people suffer from depression. It is caused by an imbalance of chemicals, and it is not something that can be cured at the click of a finger. Millions of people have depression, and the economic cost of depression is estimated at around 20 billion English sterling, but the cost of human suffering cannot be estimated. There is a link between exercise and depression, where research suggests that exercise effectively reduces depression. In a study run by La Fontaine, Di Lorenzo, Frensch, Stucky-Ropp, Bargmen, and Mcdonald (1992) they found exercise to be such an effective anti depressant that they quoted If exercise could be packed into a pill it would be the single most widely prescribed and beneficial medicine in the nation. This information may show up in the results, in a form such as the more times an individual visits the health club, the less depressed they are. As well as links between depression and exercise, there are said to be links between self-image and depression. It is true that even mild depression can cause a reduction in self esteem, and therefore self-image. It can also be said that if someone has a high self-image, they are likely to have a low level of depression. This is what leads us into the studies final hypothesis which is There will be a relationship between self-image and depression. Method The first measurements recorded were the heights and weight of the sixty participants. The participants weights were measured on an accurate pair of scales. The units used were kilograms. After their weight had been recorded, their height was taken. This was done using a height measuring scale which was connected to the wall. The units used for the participants height was metres and centimetres. After this, each participants fitness was measured. This was done by obtaining all of the participants vo2 max. This was performed by having the participants do the coopers twelve minute run. This was performed on a 400 metre running track. The idea was for each participant to run as fast as they could for twelve continuous minutes around the track. After the twelve minutes was up, the distance ran was measured. This could then be put into an equation and used to calculate the participants vo2 max. The equation used to work this out was (distance covered 504.9 / 44.73.) The coopers twelve minute run is a reliable test as long as the participants run to their maximum, the track is of correct distance, and the stopwatch is reliable. All of this was ensured before the test. Another measurement that had to be taken for this study was the amount of times the participants visited the health club. This was recorded in the form of a tally chart, where each participant had a mark next to their name each time they visited the health club. The sixty participants were set up into young and old categories in order to see if one of the hypothesiss was correct. Out of the sixty participants, 32 were in the old category, and 28 were in the young category. The next factor measured was each participants depression level. This was done using Goldbergs depression test. In this test there are eighteen statements where the participant had to answer with one of five options which were, not at all, only slightly, partly, quite a lot, a lot, and to a great extent. An example of one of the statements is I feel like a failure. Once all the statements had been answered with a response, a score out of ten was given to each participant. Self-image was the final factor to be measured. This was done by using the Egoschool self awareness test. This involved twelve pairs of statements being from one extreme to another, with a scale of eight in between. An example of one of the pairs of statements was I am not self confident at one end of the scale, and I am self confident at the other end. Once all statements had been answered each participant was given a score out of 100.

Free Essays on Free MInd

of their supposed role models and think it’s OK to follow in their foot steps. Peer pressure is another big factor. Teenagers rely a great deal upon their peers for guidance and support. Sometimes this is the wrong path to take. Friendship is a wrong word that is thrown around a little to loosely now days. Teens let their â€Å"friend† talk them into doing things that they would not normally do. Drugs and theft are brought into these relationship also. Today’s youth must learn to be leaders, not followers. Society can often be a harsh world to live in for a teen. To be considered "in" you must fit the role of the "perfect person." As young adults, teens are trying to find themselves. They look toward celebrities and leaders for a goal. They try to buy the right clothes, wear the nicest shoes, and be present at all the social events. To fit in, some are pushed to the edge. If you are caught in a dark alley at the wrong time, you might be killed just for your name brand shoes. Competition among fellow teens leads to jealousy and jealousy leads to violent acts.... Free Essays on Free MInd Free Essays on Free MInd In today’s society, the teenage population has experienced an increase in violence. Teens face many situations that cause these problems. Several factors are mass media, per pressure, and society’s view on the â€Å"perfect† person. Television, radio, and news papers are all ways of transferring messages to people. One might see a violent movie and decide to reenact the scenes thus causing harm to one’s self or to other. Hidden meanings of racism and hate are put into music. Teens hear the words of their supposed role models and think it’s OK to follow in their foot steps. Peer pressure is another big factor. Teenagers rely a great deal upon their peers for guidance and support. Sometimes this is the wrong path to take. Friendship is a wrong word that is thrown around a little to loosely now days. Teens let their â€Å"friend† talk them into doing things that they would not normally do. Drugs and theft are brought into these relationship also. Today’s youth must learn to be leaders, not followers. Society can often be a harsh world to live in for a teen. To be considered "in" you must fit the role of the "perfect person." As young adults, teens are trying to find themselves. They look toward celebrities and leaders for a goal. They try to buy the right clothes, wear the nicest shoes, and be present at all the social events. To fit in, some are pushed to the edge. If you are caught in a dark alley at the wrong time, you might be killed just for your name brand shoes. Competition among fellow teens leads to jealousy and jealousy leads to violent acts....

Usability Testing and Heuristic Evaluation Essay

Usability Testing and Heuristic Evaluation - Essay Example Usability Testing and Heuristic Evaluation Learnability affects how fast a user can learn and use the system after undergoing a certain amount and duration of training. Efficiency affects the amount of tasks a user can perform in a set amount of time. Meanwhile, memorability enables a user to use the system after a period of inactivity without having to relearn its operation. Low error rate refers to the number of problems encountered by the user and the ease of correcting such errors. Lastly, satisfaction generally refers to the overall user perception of the system serving its intended purpose. Usability Testing The term usability testing has been generally referred to as any method used to evaluate a system or product. For the purpose of clarification, the term usability testing shall be used in this paper as a distinct empirical method of system evaluation with the goal of identifying usability issues and developing recommendation on how address such issues. Rubin and Chisnell described usability testing as a process of r ecruiting people as test participants to evaluate the system based on a series of usability guidelines. Test participants are normally composed of individuals whose profiles represent the target user audience. The inclusion of test participants based on real world parameters is what makes usability testing unique among other usability assessment methods. In this method, test participants are selected from the target user audience and are asked to perform specific tasks using a prototype of the system. During the duration of the test, user performance and reactions to the product are observed and recorded by a facilitator (Fiset, 2009). In essence, usability testing is a research tool which originated from conventional experimental methodology. The range of usability tests that can be performed is significantly broad, allowing the developer to tailor-fit approaches according to the test objectives, time constraints, and resources available (Rubin & Chisnell, 2008). Since it originate d from conventional approaches for controlled experiments, usability testing follows formal methods which include: (1) hypothesis formulation; (2) random sampling of participants; (3) utilization of experimental controls; (4) utilization of controlled groups; and (4) composition of sample size to determine statistical differences between groups (Rubin & Chisnell, 2008). Fiset (2009) outlined the following basic steps in conducting usability assessments: (1) definition of test objectives; (2) enumeration of tasks; (3) developing a prototype or mock-up of the system; (4) performing a preliminary validation test on prototype; (5) recruiting test participants; (6) preparing forms, venue, and equipment; (7) determining level of confidentiality of acquired data; (8) conducting the test proper; (9) filling out of evaluation questionnaire; (10) analysis and consolidation of results; (11) writing down of recommendations. The objectives of the usability test are normally determined by the pha se of system development the test will be carried out. Initial usability tests usually involve performing specific tasks based on the system design. As development progresses, additional objectives may be added such as identification of number errors, gauging user satisfaction, measuring time spent completing a

Solar enrgy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Solar enrgy - Research Paper Example This paper looks at the alternative sources of energy in general, and focuses on the Solar Energy as one of the most effective, affordable, and cheap alternative source of energy. The paper also looks at the use and development of solar energy in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), especially, by the company called MASDAR, based in the UAE. As we have just seen, alternative source of energy is any energy source that does not use fossil fuel in generating energy (Alternative Energy, Web). There are a number of advantages of using alternative source of energy in comparison to using the fossil fuel source of energy. One of the advantages of using the alternative source of energy is that the alternative source of energy reduces the usage of fossil fuel source of energy and therefore preserves and prevents the fossil fuels from being depleted. With the emergence of many and powerful industries in the modern world, coupled with the increase of the number and usage of vehicles, aeroplanes, and ships, which all depend on fossil based fuels, the fossil fuel source of energy is indeed at the danger of being depleted. ... many alternative sources of energy do not release toxic chemicals to our environment. Fossil based sources of energy are well known for releasing greenhouse gases, Carbon Dioxide gas, in the environment, thus leading to the global warming (Alternative Energy, Web). Global warming threatens to make our world inhabitable and so there is an urgent need to develop alternative sources of energy that do not cause any threat to our very own existence. Many alternative sources of energy therefore help us to get the energy that we need in our various activities without causing any harm to our environment. The third major advantage of using alternative source of energy is that, the alternative source of energy is quite cheap and affordable in comparison to the fossil fuel based sources of energy (Alternative Energy, Web). The cost of the fossil based fuels is increasing each year in many countries around the world that do not produce the fossil fuels. Different governments are using a lot of m oney on fossil fuels as source of energy. Also, many poor people are not able to afford the fossil fuels because of the astronomical costs associated with them. On the other hand, alternative sources of energy like the solar energy and the biogas are quite cheap and affordable to almost everybody. The alternative sources of energy, therefore, are quite cheap and affordable; alternative sources of energy ensure that almost everybody has access to power. The alternative sources of energy therefore spurs economic growth of a country through making cheap power available to all people, including the poor people. Having looked at the main advantages of alternative sources of energy, let us now look at some of the common alternative sources of

Examine the difference between the social and the medical Essay

Examine the difference between the social and the medical understanding of special educational needs. Provide examples of where - Essay Example If the policies of education for people with SEN in the beginning of the twentieth century began with segregation, or separating children with SEN from mainstream students by placing the former in special education facilities, the Warnock Report in the 1970s started the evolution of special education toward integration, and later on, to inclusion (Tassoni, 2003, p.14). Integration is differentiated from inclusion, because integration can refer to the mainstream system remaining the same, but with addition of facilities for SEN. Inclusion, on the contrary, is defined by Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) (2001, p.2) as the: ...process by which schools, local education authorities and others develop cultures, policies and practices to include pupils. With the right training, strategies and support nearly all children with special educational needs can be successfully included in mainstream education. (qtd. in Lloyd, 2008, p.222). Inclusion, however, has its conceptual and p ractical dilemmas. Terzi (2005) observes the â€Å"dilemma of difference†, which pertains to the conflict between treating children with SEN as the same as mainstream students and providing individualised education instruction to attend to their individual special education needs. This paper differentiates the social and the medical understanding of special educational needs. It gives examples of where each is demonstrated in policy and practice and personal experiences. It begins with a brief history of SEN and then a discussion of social and the medical understanding of special educational needs. The final sections are personal experiences and the conclusion. HISTORY OF SEN SEN evolved greatly for the past two centuries. It started from the medical model, followed by the social model of understanding special education needs. This section focuses on the Warnock Report and developments in policymaking and educational practices after 1981. Warnock Report In 1973, Margaret That cher, then Secretary of State for Education, commissioned the Warnock Enquiry. The Enquiry began the seminal review of the state of British special education, which was under pressure from worldwide calls of â€Å"integration† (Rayner, 2007, p.20). The Warnock Report was published in 1978 and formed the concept of special education needs (SEN). SEN refers to the whole extent of children experiencing learning difficulties and the Report indicated that 20 per cent of the school population would need â€Å"special help† during their school careers (Rayner, 2007, p.20). The Report stresses that a child with disability should be viewed as an individual with complete human rights and definite special education needs, instead of a patient with a medical illness or disorder (Rayner, 2007, p.20). It also stressed that professionals should work with parents, because the latter are partners in helping the child cope in school. This marked the departure from the medical model of s pecial needs toward the social model. The Report also made numerous recommendations. It referred to the importance of a â€Å"whole school policy† in making provisions for SEN and the need to adopt integration

Procurement And Inventory Management Commerce Essay

Procurement And Inventory Management Commerce Essay A formal procurement process is a systematic step by step exercise that is important to follow to ensure no or little mistakes, and also achieve time saving, ensure the right solution to meet business needs, to also ensure the right price is paid (not necessarily the lowest price!), and lastly not to miss out on important steps that might have serious consequences. The company Green Chilly (GC) is a private owned restaurant chain operating in the UK. It runs several restaurants for takeaway meals and for people that will stop and sit down for lunch or during any other time of the day. The company currently have 53 restaurants all over the UK in the major cities and towns, collectively they serve on average 16000 eat down in meals everyday and 23000 customers coming for snacks and drinks which are mostly taken away to eat. Due to the companys successful growth the restaurant chain is facing certain seasonality problems of staffing issues and over stocking of items due to the UK holiday seasons and the unfavourable variable weather conditions that are influencing customer preferences. The company have communication, information, pricing issues, quality issues and above all no structured procurement process in place. After offering consultancy services to the company regarding its procurement structure the next stage is developing a well structured procurement strategy for the sourcing of high usage food and non food items that will meet the needs of the company wide procurement process. The owner of the company is experienced and has been in the business for a long time, I will be going through the process of sourcing with him and the rest of the staff. In 1967, the Canadian, American and Israeli marketing researchers, Robinson, Faris and Wind, introduced the buygrid framework as a generic conceptual model for buying processes of organisations. They saw industrial buying not as single events, but as organisational decision-making processes where multiple individuals decide on a purchase. Their framework consists of a matrix of buyclasses and buyphases.   The BUYCLASSES Buyclasses are:   1. New Tasks 2. Modified Rebuy   3. Straight Rebuy   Based on field research, Robinson, Faris and Wind divided the buyer purchase process into eight sequential, distinct but interrelated BUYPHASES: Assessment of a companys current spending: Fully understand the spend category (what is bought, where, at what prices? Assessment of the supply market (who offers what?). Total cost analyses (how much does it cost to provide those goods or services?). Identification of suitable suppliers. Development of a sourcing strategy (where to purchase, considering demand and supply situations, while minimizing risk and costs). Negotiation with suppliers (products, service levels, prices, geographical coverage, etc.). Implementation of new supply structure. Track results and restart assessment (continuous cycle). Assessment of a companys current spending: Using Green Chilly Company as a case study. Assessment of what is bought by the company in recent time and in comparisons to previous years, from which supplier procurement and sourcing were made and lastly at what price were they bought? Fully understand the spend category at the beginning stage, the sourcing team (including the management and some staff) need to ensure it understands everything about the spend category itself. Identify opportunities, what could be of advantage both food and noon food item, especially for meal production. The following materials are needed directly and indirectly by the company: Equipment : general restaurant equipment like cooling system, cooking, washing and rinsing, ventilation e.t.c Components: this includes the good will, style, taste, finishing and services of the company. Raw material: These are items used in cooking, raw meat, rice, beans, vegetables e.t.c. Completely finished goods: inventory held for these goods are usually between company and customers. Suppliers supply the goods and services directly with out any form of modification by the company. Goods like treats by restaurants to customers. Service requirement might include: Computer programmers: for online ordering, restaurant website creation and maintenance. Hazardous waste handlers: proper disposing of hazardous waste substances according to safety measures. Transportation carriers: restaurant trucks maintenance and upgrades. Maintenance service provider: general maintenance in the restaurant i.e. electrical appliances, assets, environment, bill boards (branding), cleaning e.t.c. Assessment of the supply market: The top officials in the sourcing team have re evaluate the suppliers market for new potential suppliers. The re evaluation of suppliers is in two areas: quality and price. A direct comparison is made of existing suppliers against at least three potential suppliers using taste panel. As many suppliers as possible are sought which appear to have a product that is similar to that in question or which have the capabilities to produce such a product. Suppliers could be known to any of the sourcing team members or found through trade journals and directories. Other sources of potential suppliers include trade shows and speculative letters. This process is carried out for both food and non food item. The volume of purchases to be made could be predicted from past procurements with an analytical assessment of which goods and services moved fast and which were slow movers. For fast movers cycle stock inventory purpose or buffer inventory could be adopted especially for goods and services relevant for the production of meals like rice, meat, baking flour e.t.c. And for slow movers i.e. ice cream machines and raw materials a seasonal stock could be adopted, since ice cream are more consumed in summer and summer breaks, than winter. Total cost analysis: How much it costs to procure those goods, the food and non food items. In the past, present and possible future forecast by experts. These recommendations are then passed on to the procurement section of the restaurant that will use them to decide which suppliers should be progressed to the price negotiation stage. The procurement team then request for quotations which are ballpark figures which the team later finalizes (direct comparison on price). It is necessary that the specification is complete, and the expected costs including distribution are a part of this. In this way, the procurement team has knowledge of costing and the taste comparison recommendations before negotiations are entered into. Identification of suitable supplier The company should periodically run assessment for seeking alternative suppliers to existing incumbents, a well carried out assessment for both present suppliers and potential suppliers. The company should have an in depth understanding of the supplier marketplace dynamics and current trends (how goods and service are packaged and delivered, alternative products that substitute the present). Prepare a study of the cost components of the product service, and analyze the suppliers market place for risks (hazardous goods, or infections especially for food raw materials) and opportunities based on a survey to access the capacity and capability of the market to meet your requirements compared with your present suppliers. It will enable the company to assess whether the present sourcing process is feasible or the best. It shows to gather knowledge in the key areas like: Feasibility, Capability Capacity: how much inventory the supplier can provide for the companys restaurant chain in the country. If the supplier is able to meet the demand of Green Chilly company. Maturity Prices of key raw material and other important variables involved in the procurement process such as labour and transportation must be priced and calculations done of the suppliers cost elements referred to as should-cost information from the major components of the key products. Take a view on the key suppliers sub tier marketplace, and analyse for risks as well as opportunities. Should cost analysis drives reduction in cost and supplier continuous improvement efforts. Although should cost analysis does not work for all item, sometimes traditional strategic sourcing techniques work w ell in cases where should cost doesnt work well. Development of a sourcing strategy: Using a cross functional procumbent team in Green Chilly Copany. Deciding where to buy while minimizing risk and costs is the major factor that determines the development of the strategic sourcing strategy. The strategy would depend largely on the alternatives available to the current suppliers, and also how competitive the supplier market is. In addition how open the users are to new suppliers. This process depends on some factors like: How competitive the supplier marketplace is: How supportive your organisations users are to testing incumbent supplier relationships What alternatives exist to competitive assessment: If the supplier have well developed systems for planning material, personnel, and capacity needs Does the supplier track key performance measures, such as throughput time, quality levels, and cost? How easy is it for customers to interact with the suppliers planning and control systems? The next step is to determine the sourcing process; the most common method of sourcing is to use a request for proposal process for soliciting bids (RFP, RFQs, eRFQs, ITTs). This will define and make clear the requirements to all prequalified suppliers. It Includes product or service specifications, delivery and service requirements, pricing breakdown and legal and financial terms and conditions. When all these messages are all been passed out, ensuring all suppliers the competition is on a level played field, a follow up message should also be sent out to encourage a greater response. Negotiation with suppliers In this stage the selection and negotiation with suppliers is carried out based on the products, service levels, prices, quality, delivery, geographical coverage and additional benefits. In respect to products been bided for, suppliers must meet delivery, price, quality and purposes of inventory meaning the quantity required by Green Chilly Company. The supplier must be able to meet the demands of the company based on the volume forecasting of the company which In the case of Green Chill Company, all the bids should be related to food and non food items (i.e. food stuffs like meat, rice, vegetables, provisions e.t.c. non food like cooking, cleaning, dinning equipments) the process of procurement is different for each item. Could be buffer or safety stock for rice, cycle stock for vegetables and meat, in transit inventory for items like chop stick, seasonal stuck for goods like ice cream, during summer or heaters during winter e.t.c. The price and quality of goods, both food and non food items most be regulated across all Green Chill chain of restaurants in the country. Geographical coverage is of high essence to Green Chill Company because of the companys chain of restaurants. The procurement team should apply its evaluation criteria to supplier responses. From this process the GC procurement team will be able to then narrow down to a few finalists. The few finalists should be compared together with the senior executives involved to give their final approval and a final supplier should be selected. The senior executives should be totally briefed so as to prepare them for calls from disappointed suppliers. Implementation of new supply structure: After a proper new structure as been formulated, the winning or successful suppliers should be notified and they should be invited to participate in implementing process and recommendations. Green Chilly Companys new structural process should also be communicated to all staff and users to bridge the communication gaps and problems in the company. Implementation plans vary depending on the degree of changes. The communication plan in the strategic sourcing strategy will majorly comprise of any improvement to specifications or process, changes in delivery (lead time) service requirements (inventory management) or pricing (major changes in the prices of goods both non food and food item) should be communicated in the process of implementing the new process. For old suppliers coming back to be winners there will be communication changes in specifications, improvements in delivery, and service or pricing models based on what they do before compared with the new structure. In the case of new suppliers a communication plan has to be developed that will supervise the transition from old to new at every point in the process that is touched by the structural change. i.e department of finance and customer services affected by this change, and the risk supervision will be particularly sensitive during this period, due to their vulnerability to mistakes. It is necessary to measure closely the new suppliers performance during the first weeks of performance. It is also important to capture the intellectual capital GC sourcing team has developed during the seven-step process so it can be used the next time that category is sourced. Track results and restart assessment (continuous cycle): This is a major aspect of the whole sourcing management process carried out by the Green Chilly Company. It is the start of a continuous cycle, starting with benchmarking the current status of the commodity or category, monitoring the results and ensuring that full value is being achieved. Conclusion After spending time planning all the processes of procurement, the roles and responsibilities of each member of the procurement team must be well established. The procurement process is reviewed and communicated to all parties involved including staff of GC. Given the market Green Chilly chain of restaurants is which is in the United Kingdom. A central distribution system would be of an advantage and feasible. With a central distribution goods and services could be distributed in 4 to 5hours drive to all corners of the UK. With the procurement process listed above putting in mind central location (Birmingham) criteria for suppliers bidding for contracts. Inventories are mostly head in goods in transit, raw material and finished goods in a restaurant. It is safer to run a safety stock for some products in the restaurant and a seasonal stock for some other stock like ice cream ingredients. The main goal is to have a reliable supplier with low price considerations and Just in time deliveries (JIT). Section 1 (2299 words) Reference Marketing Management Guide. MMG: Buy grid model: [Online]. Available from: http://marketing-management-business.blogspot.co.uk/2009/11/buy-grid-model.html [Accessed 17th November, 2012]. Leung and Bockstedt: Structural Analysis of a Business Enterprise.Service Science 1(3), pp. 169-188,  © 2009 SSG. [Online]. Available from: http://www.sersci.com/ServiceScience/upload/12556582800.pdf [Accessed 8th December 2012]. Purchasing Insight. The Procurement Process. [Online]. Available from: http://purchasinginsight.com/resources/the-procurement-process/ [Accessed 11th December 2012]. Article citation: Elizabeth Mawson, Andrew Fearne, (1996) Purchasing strategies and decision-making processes in the food service industry: a case study of UK restaurant chains, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 1 Iss: 3, pp.34 41. [Online]. Available from: http://0-dx.doi.org.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/10.1108/13598549610155305 [Accessed 15th November 2012]. Robinson, Patrick, Wind, Yoram and Faris, C.W. Buy-grid framework. Marketing Selling. [Online]. Available from: http://www.provenmodels.com/549 [Accessed 20th November 2012]. eHow. List of equipment needed to start a restaurant by Kristen Bennett, eHow contributor. [Online]. Available from: http://www.ehow.com/list_6720275_list-equipment-needed-start-restaurant.html#page=0 [Accessed 27th November 2012]. Purchasing Procurement Center. Source: 2001 A.T. Kearney. [Online]. Available from: http://www.purchasing-procurement-center.com/strategic-sourcing-process.html [Accessed 28th November 2012]. Supply Management. The seven stages of a sourcing strategy. [Online]. Available from: http://www.supplymanagement.com/resources/how-to/guide-to-strategic-sourcing/the-seven-stages-of-a-sourcing-strategy/ [Accessed 2nd November 2012]. The Supply Chain Resource Cooperative. The SCRC Article library, Procurement process-creating a sourcing plan,by: Robert Handfield, PhD. Published on: Jan 26,2011. [Online]. Available from: http://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/the-procurement-process-creating-a-sourcing-plan-procurement-a-tutorial#5 [Accessed 2nd December 2012). Chapter 3, Sourcing Strategies to Manage Supply Distributions, by: Amanda J. Schmitt and Brain Tomlin.Pages [51 to 60]. [Online]. Available from: http://0-link.springer.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-0-85729-778-5_3 [Accessed 6th December 2012]. http://0-link.springer.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/content/pdf/10.1007%2F0-387-25183-9_1 [Accessed 4th December 2012] INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE.INRIA, by Lyà ¨s Benyoucef,Hongwei Ding, Xiaolan Xie. [Online]. Available from: http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/07/18/60/PDF/RR-4726.pdf [Accessed 4th December 2012]. SUPPLIER SELECTION Contents SUPPLIER SELECTION Question 2 Introduction Nowadays the costs and effect of purchasing raw materials, goods and services from suppliers are very important. Majority of the costs incurred by a company are usually procurements of components and materials for production. This shows how important decision of purchasing activity is. The procurement process usually determines the final cost of a product. Among the decisions related to this activity, supplier selection is most capital decision (Nydick and Hill, 1992) and (Mobolurin, 1995). Supplier selection is the most important decision in the procurement process. Given the market Green Chilly Company is in, the decision making process should be well defined and laid out. Based on the Decision making process (selection of supplier): raw material inventory (food stuffs like meat, vegetables, perishables e.t.c) seasonal stock, safety stock, speculative stock, cycle stock. Monetary influence and non monetary influence criteria affecting the choice of supplier. Also the risks: both influences and external factors should be well examined. There are so many factors to go through in deciding who to buy from, what to buy and what quantity, how to carry out the procurement process, where and for what purpose for inventory. Supplier selection for Baking Flour Baking flour is an essential product in the life operation of a restaurant all round the business year. Used in the production of meals. Using structural role analysis; In respect of the simplistic of the BUYGRID framework, structural role analysis can also be used in reaching a structural frame work for the sourcing and procurement process for the company. This technique allows each task in the buying procedure to be related to the individual (procurement team) responsible for decision making and is more flexible in the description of the buying procedures in the company for baking flour. In this way, it is easier and possible to include explicitly factors affecting the decision making process in selecting a supplier, these factors includes: Social and cultural factors: the cultural differences or social influences on the level of purchases made on some products have to be monitored for the sake of improvement and how to do better on such goods. Since the restaurant chain is different area of UK, with diverse social and cultural differences. This should be put into consideration and monitored. Political and economical factors: factors like political instabilities, strikes (restaurant union), lock outs, Quotas/ import quotas, Exchange rate fluctuation for goods and services imported, regulations ad restrictions concerning products and designs, application and usage. Laws governing goods and services used in restaurants and also the restaurants in the country. For the supplier of baking flour, some types of flour might be banned in the UK, or importation restricted. Technological factors: technology advances in the restaurant market, provides new opportunities for storage and distribution of goods and services. Suppliers have to upgrade to meet up with present trends in the market. Industrial factors: there are mandatory compliance under a variety of industrial acts, affecting suppliers and restaurants concerning some issues like environmental protection, health, safety, and consumer protection laws e.t.c affecting the selection of suppliers. Organizational: this is from both the buyer and the supplier. Organizational set up of the two parties must be examined. Environmental/ External factors: there are environment laws guiding the type of pollution and amount acceptable in a particular area. Disposing of hazardous components is essential. Risks: the potential risk of a supplier defaulting. Adequate contingency plans should be put in place. In the case the supplier contaminates the goods, because restaurants raw material is very sensitive. Monetary and non monetary factors: the price of goods and services supplied plus distribution is the main factor considered by the buyers. Price drives the purpose for seeking for new suppliers. There are non monetary factors like the good will of the supplier or the supplier is the sole supplier of such product. The lead time on some goods is also crucial to the delivery of such goods and services. The above factors throw light on the cause and effect of specific actions during the decision making process. Structural role analysis links personnel structures with the roles and tasks that are carried out. In this way the constructed model gives a clear indication concerning who is responsible for which tasks. This is well illustrated by structural role analysis since the effects on the buying behaviour in terms of the individuals that carry out specific tasks and the order in which they are carried out are exact. These individuals are all part of the procurement team (includes managers, commercial director, operations director and marketing director, site catering managers). Structural role analysis requires the identification of key decision makers and the intentions between individuals in the decision making unit. To illustrate the use of structural role theory, we should consider the case study of Green chilly company. We should start by displaying the roles of the buying centre (procurement team) of the companys restaurant chain, for example a straight rebuy. A straight rebuy is a routine repurchase that may have been made many times before. In this case study on Green Chilly Company, lets pick a straight rebuy for baking flour. A policy of central procurement is followed. Distribution is carried out from the central depot through a specialist distribution company. The distribution company delivers to all restaurants in three to four days per week all over the UK branches. Each member of the procurement team is briefed and assigned a role (buyer and assistant buyer). In this case of repurchasing baking powder on a straight rebuy process re-evaluation is undertaken before reordering with the same supplier. The re-evaluation of suppliers is going to be carried out in four areas: Quality: the quality of products supplied is very essential to the services and goods rendered by the company. Better quality supplies lead to better goods and services produced. Price: the price of goods and service supplied directly affects the selling price. This includes the distribution costs as well. Service : the packaging and technology advances of the supplier is very paramount to the procurement process Delivery: just in time delivery (JIT) is very important, especially in a restaurant running all through the week. For a product like baking flour cycle stock or buffer stocking should b implemented to prevent shortages. A direct comparison is made of existing supplier and against at least three potential suppliers based on the areas above using a taste panel. As many suppliers as possible are sought which appear to specialize in baking flour products with capabilities to produce such a product. The following steps are carried out: Seeking of potential suppliers Direct comparison on quality Direct comparison on price Direct comparison on service Direct comparison on delivery time Decision/ choice of selected supplier Seeking of potential suppliers: Potential suppliers are either already known to the procurement team of the company, or found through trade journals and directories. Other sources of potential suppliers include trade shows and speculative letters. Therefore, there is a pool of suppliers for baking flour from whom to choose as well as active search for new suppliers. The information needs to be readily available to all potential suppliers with a tight specification on the product and with a rough price built into the brief. All suppliers of baking flour need to match the product to these specifications, including quality, delivery time, price and services rendered. The procurement team acts as a forum for discussion and also to make decisions on what quotas to give in terms of quality, price, delivery time and services. Direct comparison on quality: In this process all products from all suppliers are all tasted blind and this side by side comparison is the key evaluation on the quality aspect. The procurement team makes the decision in terms of taste, texture and colour, and then makes recommendations about which products should be considered further, based on the result of the tasting and recipe compilation. This information is now passed to the leader of the procurement team leader and member who now decided which suppliers should be progressed to the price negotiation stage. Direct comparison on price: These are ballpark figures which the team later finalizes. It is necessary that the specification is complete, and the expected costs including distribution of baking flour are well detailed. In this way the procurement team has knowledge of all price quotations of all suppliers and taste comparison recommendation. Direct comparison on service: A detailed weighted point method is used to categories each suppliers based on their pat performances in rendering their services with GC or with other companies. Direct comparison on delivery time Based on past jobs for GC or other companies, the supplier with the best just in time (JIT) delivery stands better chance of getting contracts from the company. Non-monetary criteria Non monetary criteria includes lead time of some goods and services, good will enjoyed by some suppliers from their clients. There are ways to make decisions just based on abilities not just on monetary basis. A weighted point method is a good example to illustrate this point: Weighted point method This method is based on a non monetary criteria evaluation. Not all criteria and decision can be measured in monetary terms, as no market value exists for some criteria. In this method Green Chilly Company we consider the non monetary costs and benefits associated with each of the identified factors. Based on the factors for considerations in choosing a supplier, a well weighted point method could also be used. Starting with quality and delivery with the weight of 40 and 30 respectively, quality problems are the biggest problems in supplier performance. Next to quality problems is late delivery with a weight of 30. Followed by price differentials with weight 20, then lastly service with weight 10. All these factors are measured on a scare of 1 to 5, worst performances equated to 1 and best performances equated to 5. In this sample method, three suppliers were selected based on their performances and measure against the factors. SAMPLE SUPPLY MODEL FOR BAKING FLOUR (Figure 1) Supplier A rating Supplier A score Supplier B rating Supplier B score Supplier C rating Supplier C score Factor Weight How Measured Quality 40 1 = Worst 5 = Best (3/5)x40 24 (4/5)x40 32 (3/5)x40 24 Delivery 30 1 = Worst 5 = Best (4/5) x 30 24 (4/5)x30 24 (3/5)x30 18 Price 20 1 = Worst 5 = Best (2/5) x 20 8 (5/5)x20 20 (2/5)x20 8 Service 10 Good = 100% Fair = 70% Poor = 40% .7 x 10 7 1.0 x 10 10 .7 x 10 7 Total Points 100 63 86 57 Based on the figure 1 example supplier A has a rating of 3/5 in quality and a total score of 24, 4/5 in delivery and a total score of 24, 2/5 in price and a total score of 8, finally a 70% rating on services render. Supplier B on the other hand scored higher than both supplier A and B, with a total score of 86, scoring higher than supplier A in all levels except delivery with equal level. Supplier C is the worst of all suppliers. So supplier B is the best suited for this purchase of baking flour, and should be awarded the contract. The above developed weightings for criterion dependent on assessment of how important each criterion factors are to the success of selecting supplier C for the supply of baking flour and the impact it will have on the companys activities could as well be measured. Decision/ choice of selected supplier: All these factors enables the procurement team to make decision regarding the suitability of suppliers to fit into the current portfolio of products and prices, since the overall budget is the responsibility of the procurement team, they reach the final agreement on wish supplier to pick based on the budget and delivery process across the country for baking flour. Once those suppliers with acceptable products and services have been identified for the supply of baking flour, the procurement team will meet them in order to discuss the prices and volumes under consideration for the product (baking flour). A few suppliers are retained to this stage so that there is a choice from the procurement teams perspective, and also in the case the chosen supplier starts to under perform. Price is dependent on volume, so both aspects are discussed in tandem. The volumes required for a new product are an educated guess. However, a replacement product has known volume which is traded. The volumes are used as guide in negotiations but are never guaranteed to a su

Nicholas Romanovs Role in the Russian Revolution :: Russian Russia History

Nicholas Romanov's Role in the Russian Revolution "Nicholas Romanov was an ignorant, incompetent and insensitive leader. His character was the decisive factor in bringing on the revolution" "The last Tsar of Russia was a tragic figure a classic case of being a leader in the wrong place at the wrong time. Nothing within his power could have prevented the forces of change from overtaking Tsarist Russia." To what extent do you agree with these explanations of the collapse of autocracy in Russia? Nicholas Romanov was an indecisive man who was easily influenced by others. Although it was not his character that was the decisive factor in bringing on the revolution. He may have been a leader at the wrong time but if he had related better for the time he was in power. Russia before 1917 was the largest country under one empire. In economic terms it was backward as it was late industrialising and late to emerge from feudalism. In political terms it was also backward as there was no legal political parties nor was there any centrally elected government Russia at this time was under tsarist rule by Nicholas II of the Romanov empire. Nicholas II was brought up by his father Alexander III who didn't believe that his son could take an intelligent interest in anything and therefore did not educate him in the business of state . The fact that his father who died at age 49 thought that he had many more years ahead of him may also be another factor behind Nicholas' poor leadership of Russia . Alexander who died in 1894 had left Russia with a society no longer controlled by tsarist rule and when Nicholas took the throne after his father's death Russian society was not prepared to turn on it's heels and return to how it use to be . Nicholas II was 26 when his father died and was soon to marry the German princess, Alix of Hess, Granddaughter of Queen Victoria . The relationship between Alexandra and Nicholas was a 'critical relationship at a turning point in history' . He was weak and indecisive but he wasn't an imbecile, Alexandra, if not an imbecile was politically and socially illiterate, dominating him and towards the end of their lives forced him to make chaotic decisions. Nicholas nor Alexander III were well trained for the job of ruling this vast country. Alexander was not so much superior to the son in character of abilities to justify admirers hopes that he lived longer, so the monarchy would have.

Chapter 6 – Planning Capacity

chapter 6: Planning capacity Capacity the maximum rate of output of a process or a system. Acquisition of new capacity requires extensive planning, and often involves significant expenditure of resources and time. Capacity decisions must be made in light of several long-term issues such as the firm’s economies and diseconomies of scale, capacity cushions, timing and sizing strategies, and trade-offs between customer service and capacity utilization. Planning capacity across the organizationAccounting provide cost information needed to evaluate capacity expansion Finance financial analysis of proposed capacity expansion investments and raises funds Marketing demand forecasts needed to identify capacity gaps. Operations selection of capacity strategies that can be implemented to effectively meet future demand. Human Resources hiring and training employees needed to support internal capacity plans. planning long-term capacity When choosing a capacity strategy: How much of a cushi on is needed to handle variable or uncertain demand? Should we expand capacity ahead of demand, or wait until demand is more certain? easures of capacity and utilization Output Measures Are best utilized when applied to individual processes within the firm, or when the firm provides a relatively small number of standardized services and products. For example, a car manufacturing plant may measure capacity in terms of the number of cars produced per day. Inputs Measures Are used for low-volume, flexible processes (custom products). For example a custom furniture maker might measure capacity in terms of inputs such as number of workstations or number of workers. The problem of input measures is that demand is expressed as an output rate.If the furniture maker wants to keep up with demand, he must convert the business’s annual demand for furniture into labor hours and number of employees required to fulfill those hours. Utilization Degree to which a resource (equipment, space, w orker) is currently being used. Utilization= Average Output RateMaximum Capacityx 100% The numerator and the denominator should be measured in the same units. A process can be operated above the 100%, with overtime, extra shifts, overstaffing, subcontracting, etc, but this is not sustainable for long. Economies of scaleEconomies of scale The average unit cost of a service or good can be reduced by increasing its output rate. Why? * Spreading fixed costs same fixed costs divided by more units * Reducing construction costs doubling the size of the facility usually doesn’t double construction costs (building permits, architect’s fees, rental) * Cutting costs of purchased materials better bargaining position and quantity discounts * Finding process advantages speed up the learning effect, lowering inventory, improving process and job designs, and reducing the number of changeovers. diseconomies of scaleDiseconomies of scale The average cost per unit increases as the facili ty’s size increases. The reason is that excessive size can bring complexity, loss of focus, and inefficiencies. capacity timing and sizing strategies sizing capacity cushions Capacity cushion=100%-Average Utilization rate (%) When the average utilization rate approaches 100% for long periods, it’s a signal to increase capacity or decrease order acceptance to avoid declining productivity. The optimal capacity cushion depends on the industry. Particularly, in front-office processes where customers expect fast service times, large cushions are vital (more variable demand).For capital-intensive firms, minimizing the capacity cushion is vital (unused capacity costs money). timing and sizing expansion Two strategies: * Expansionist strategy large, infrequent jumps in capacity. Is ahead of demand, and minimizes the chance of sales lost to insufficient capacity * Wait-and-see strategy smaller, more frequent jumps. It lags behind demand. To meet any shortfalls, it relies on sho rt-term operations (overtime, temporary workers, subcontractors, postponement of preventive maintenance on equipment).It reduces the risk of overexpansion based on overly optimistic demand forecasts, obsolete technology, or inaccurate assumptions regarding the competition. This strategy fits the short-term outlook but can erode market share over the long run. Timing and sizing of expansion are related: if demand is increasing and the time between increments increases, the size of the increments must also increase. An intermediate strategy can be â€Å"follow the leader†, so nobody gains a competitive advantage for being ahead of demand, and everyone shares the agony of overcapacity in the other case. inking capacity and other decisions Capacity cushions in the long run buffer the organization against uncertainty, as do resource flexibility, inventory, and longer customer lead times. If a change is made in any one decision area, the capacity cushion may also need to be changed to compensate. For example: Lower volume of production (more capacity cushion) to raise prices or vice versa. a systematic approach to long-term capacity decisions 4 steps: 1. Estimate future capacity requirements 2. Identify gaps by comparing requirements with available capacity 3. Develop alternative plans for reducing the gaps . Evaluate each alternative, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and make a final choice step 1: estimate capacity requirements A process’s capacity requirement is what its capacity should be for some future time period to meet the demand of the firm’s customers (external or internal), given the firm’s desired capacity cushion. Larger requirements are practical for processes or workstations that could potentially be bottlenecks in the future, and management may even plan for longer cushions than normal. Capacity requirements can be expressed in: * Output measure * Input measureEither way, the foundation for the estimate is forecasts of demand, productivity, competition, and technological change. The further ahead you look, the more chance you have of making an inaccurate forecast. Using output measures Demand forecasts for future years are used as a basis for extrapolating capacity requirements into the future. If demand is expected to double in the next 5 years, then the capacity requirements also double. For example: Actual demand 50 customers per day; expected demand = 100 customers per day; desirable cushion = 20%. So capacity should be (100)/(1-0. )=125 customers per day. Using input measures Output measures may be insufficient in these situations: * Product variety and process divergence is high (customized products) * The product or service mix is changing * Productivity rates are expected to change * Significant learning effects are expected In these cases, an input measure should be used (number of employees, machines, trucks, etc) One product processed When just one service or product is processed at an operation and the time period is a particular year, the capacity requirement (M) is: M=DpN[1-C100]D=demand forecast for the year (number of customers served or units produced) p=processing time (in hours per costumer served or unit produced) N=Total number of hours per year during which the process operates C=desired capacity cushion (expressed as a percent) M=number of input units required and should be calculated for each year in the time horizon Many products processed Setup time time required to change a process or an operation from making one service or product to making another. To calculate the total setup time D/Q*s Where D=demand forecast for the yearQ= number of units processed between setups s= time per setup For example, if the demand is 1200 units, and the average lot size is 100, there are 1200/100=12 setups per year. Accounting for both processing and setup times for multiple products, we get: M=[Dp+DQs]product 1+[Dp+DQs]product 2+†¦+[Dp+DQs]product nN[1-C100 ] When â€Å"M† is not an integer and we are talking about number of machines, you can round up the fractional part, unless it is cost efficient to use short-term options, such as overtime or stockouts.But if we are talking about number of employees and we get 23. 6, we can use 23 employees and use a little overtime (in this case, 60% of a full-time person). step 2: identify gaps A capacity gap is any difference (positive or negative) between projected capacity requirements (M) and current capacity. step 3: develop alternatives Develop alternative plans to cope with projected gaps. One alternative is the base case do nothing and simply lose orders from any demand that exceeds current capacity or incur costs because capacity is too large.Other alternatives: various timing and sizing options (expansionist or wait-and-see strategies); expanding at a different location; and using short term options. For reducing capacity, the alternatives include closing plants, laying off employ ees, reducing days or hours of operations. step 4: evaluate the alternatives Evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative concerns The manager looks at how each alternative fits the overall capacity strategy and other aspects of the business not covered by the financial analysis (uncertainties about demand, competitive reaction, technological change, and cost estimates).Some of these factors can’t be quantified and must be assessed on the basis of judgment and experience. Quantitative concerns The manager estimates the change in cash flows for each alternative over the forecast time horizon compared to the base case. tools for capacity planning waiting-line models Are useful in high customer-contact processes. Waiting-line models use probability distributions to provide estimates of average customer wait time, average length of waiting lines, and utilization of the work center.Managers can use this information to choose the most cost-effective capacity, balancing cu stomer service and the cost of adding capacity. This topic will be treated more deeply in the appendix (siguiente resumen) simulation Simulations can identify the process’s bottlenecks and appropriate capacity cushions, even for complex processes with random demand patterns and predictable flows in demand during a typical day. decision trees A decision tree can be particularly valuable for evaluating different capacity extension alternatives when demand is uncertain and sequential decisions are involved.

Tuvan Throat Singers essays

Tuvan Throat Singers essays Throat singing is a unique method of singing, or vocal art in which a singer can simultaneously sing, creating two, sometimes three or four notes. This miraculous method of singing is exercised by a number of Asian tribes, and a rich tradition survives in Tuva. Located deep in Siberia surrounded by grasslands, forests and mountains, the presence of humans is rare, in fact the whole population numbers only 150,000. The people who occupy this land, seem to be one with nature, and have a deep heritage tied to the land. The Tuvan throat singers come from a nomadic herding culture in which men would spend hours even days alone on horseback with only their animals and nature to call on for company. It was through this loneliness and place in nature that throat singing was developed. It is a form of stylized storytelling where the music represents sounds of nature: running streams or birds for example. The act of throat singing is highly personal to the Tuvans, as they believe it con nects them closer to the spirit of nature. Throat singing is typically practiced by men because of a taboo placed against female throat singing, based on a belief that it caused infertility. In more recent times some younger women are beginning to practice throat singing. Referred to as Khoomei by the Tuvan natives, its origin still a bit of a mystery, its purpose was to reproduce the sounds of nature. Throat singing usually consists of one low, sustained fundamental pitch (comparing to the drone of a bagpipe) and a second pitch is much higher and more harmonic (similar to a flute or whistle type sound). This second, higher pitch is manipulated to represent the sounds of nature, and alters in pitch unlike the lower tone which stays relatively the same throughout a song. So one human voice is creating two or three separate tones at one time. People in western culture found this hard to believe; one person creating two separate tones, how can this b...

Midnight in Paris Analysis Essays

Midnight in Paris Analysis Essays Midnight in Paris Analysis Essay Midnight in Paris Analysis Essay Essay Topic: A Farewell to Arms In the film Midnight in Paris . there are a batch of interesting sights in the most beautiful metropolis in the universe. During the movie. Woody Allen showed us how Paris is beautiful in the forenoon. charming in the afternoon. and enrapturing in the eventide. but it is charming and has a batch of surprising things after midnight. Get downing with the Eiffel Tower. there were a batch of iconic shootings of Paris at its most touristic points like its beautiful streets under the rain. the celebrated river in the metropolis La Seine . and the wide gardens that makes this metropolis the most beautiful finish for the celebrated creative persons who were looking for a quiet topographic point to develop their endowment as authors. The film is a nice combination of Paris in 2010 and Paris in the yesteryear. when the celebrated creative persons and authors were there like Ernest Hamingway. F Scott Fitzgerald. Picasso. Gertrud Stein. and Salvador Dali. Throughout the film the manager didn’t merely demo us Paris and its tourer locations. but besides took us to destinations out of the metropolis such as Versailles and Monet’s gardens in Giverny. Then. there were all the warmly illuminated shootings of the coffeehouse. eating houses. and the celebrated stores such as Coco Channel and Dior. In add-on. the beauty of the sights and the exposures grabbed the viewer’s attending to desire to watch this film and to detect a batch of more information about some of the most celebrated creative persons in the early nineteenth century. The film Midnight in Paris . had win with engagement of group of people who were capable and successful in their occupation as creative persons. The author and manager was Woody Allen. and the lead histrions were: Owen Wilson. Rachel Mc Adams. and Kathy Bates. The dramatis personae was by Marian Cotillard. Michael Sheen. Adrien Brody. and Alison Pill. The studio was Gravier Production. Mediapro. Televisio de catalunya TV3. and it was made in May 20. 2011 by Sony Pictures Classics. The romantic comedy phantasy movie had many incredible minutes get downing by detecting the metropolis in the minute to going back in clip each dark after midnight. On one manus. the film had a batch of interesting minutes between the yesteryear and the present. The narrative was about an American household who went to France for a concern trip. and the two immature people Gil and his bride-to-be were engaged to be married even though their outlook and their thought were different. She used to reason with him all the clip and she didn’t like him to be a author every bit much as to work in Hollywood. Gil was the sort of individual who likes to compose and to be a successful author. and by the clip he was in Paris. he believed that this ity is the lone topographic point he will happen himself in. Suddenly. and while he was walking around the Parisian streets. he found himself coming back in clip to the nineteenth Century when all the celebrated authors and painters were at that place. Therefore. this minute Gil had a large alteration in his life. Get downing by interrupting up with his bride-to-be and falling in love with a Gallic adult fem ale. He found himself with the stars of art in Paris in its aureate clip. and he didn’t believe that he had a batch of conversations with the best author of all time. Ernest Hamingway. On the other manus. Paris in its aureate clip was the best finish for a batch of creative persons around the universe. Ernest Hamingway was an American writer and journalist who chose to populate in the metropolis of art. Paris in the aureate age. His economical and unostentatious manner had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction. while his life of escapade and his public image influenced ulterior coevalss. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s. and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels. six short narrative aggregations. and two non-fiction plants. Three novels. four aggregations of short narratives. and three non-fiction plants were published posthumously. Many of these are considered classics of American literature. Hemingway was raised in Oak Park. Illinois. After high school. he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star before go forthing for the Italian forepart to enlist with the World War I ambulance drivers. In 1918. he was earnestly wounded and returned place. His wartime experiences formed the footing for his novel. A Farewell to Arms. In 1922. he married Hadley Richardson. the first of his four married womans. The twosome moved to Paris. where he worked as a foreign letter writer. and fell under the influence of the modernist authors and creative persons of the 1920s Lost Generation expatriate community. The Sun Besides Rises. Hemingway’s foremost novel. was published in 1926. In my sentiment as a spectator. Hemingway was one of the most interesting personalities in the film because he had made a alteration on batch of creative persons after him and he was a good illustration for those want to be successful in their life as a Gil. and the most interesting portion in the film was the conversation that was in the old Peugeot auto when they were speaking about work forces and their fright of decease. Last. Midnight in Paris . had bundle of information everyone should cognize. Thus. I recommend watching this film. because it wasn’t merely a narrative like what we normally see in other movies. but had much information about some celebrated creative persons in the nineteenth century. Besides. we went back with the film to see how those people used to populate in nice and quiet universe particularly in the art metropolis. Personally. I liked the film from the beginning to the terminal. because and while I was watching it. I enjoyed its quiet music they used to listen to. The music and the rain in the Parisian streets had made a beautiful image about this metropolis and besides I enjoyed seeing some touristical topographic points I had visited while I was in holiday at that place. In add-on. I liked the narrative about Gil and how he was promoting himself to acquire on the right manner in the art. by holding a good self-pride. even though he had a batch of obstructions with his bride-to-be and her parents.